AbstractsEngineering

Energy efficient microarchitectures for on-chip voltageregulation and low noise computing

by Yuxin Bai




Institution: University of Rochester
Department:
Year: 2016
Keywords: Energy efficiency; Microarchitecture; Microprocessor; MOS current mode logic; Power management; Voltage regulator
Posted: 02/05/2017
Record ID: 2086861
Full text PDF: http://hdl.handle.net/1802/30825


Abstract

Power- and energy-efficiency are significant requirements in virtually all computer systems, from mobile devices to large-scale data centers. Power delivery is a process that distributes stable supply voltages to gates within an integrated circuit (IC). The design of such a delivery network is a critical task to guarantee functionality, timing, and operation reliability, and significantly affects the power- and energy-efficiency of a high performance IC. Therefore, microarchitectural solutions that are aware of the power delivery system, should be capable of exploring a larger optimization space for energy efficient computer systems. This thesis proposes two microarchitectural techniques that leverage the design tradeoffs of the underlying power delivery networks to achieve energy-efficient computing.
First, the use of MOS current-mode logic (MCML) is explored as a fast and low-noise alternative to static CMOS logic in microprocessors, thereby improving the performance, energy-efficiency, and signal integrity of future computer systems. The power and ground noise generated by an MCML circuit is typically 10 × −100× smaller than the noise generated by a static CMOS circuit, and therefore can significantly relax the typical design constraints imposed on the power delivery network. Unlike a static CMOS circuit, in which dynamic power is proportional to the clock frequency, an MCML circuit dissipates a constant power independent of the clock frequency. Although these traits make MCML highly energy-efficient when operating at high speeds, the constant static power of MCML poses a challenge for a microarchitecture that operates at a modest clock rate and with a low activity factor. To address this challenge, this thesis explores a single-core microarchitecture for MCML that takes advantage of the C-slow retiming technique, and runs at a high frequency with low complexity to save energy. This design principle differs fundamentally from the contemporary multicore design paradigm for static CMOS, which relies on a large number of gates running in parallel at modest speeds. The proposed architecture generates 10−40× lower power and ground noise, and operates at a level of performance within 13% of a conventional, eight-core static CMOS system, while exhibiting 1.6× lower energy and 9% less area. Moreover, the operation of the MCML processor is robust under both systematic and random variations in transistor threshold voltage and effective channel length.
Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) is an effective technique used in power management. Voltage regulators are key components for power generation during the power delivery process. Emerging on-chip voltage regulators has the potential to increase the energy efficiency of computer systems by enabling the control of DVFS at a fine granularity in both space and time. A low dropout voltage regulator (LDO) is suitable for on-chip integration due to its speed, regulation quality, and area advantages. The energy conversion efficiency of an LDO,…