AbstractsChemistry

Properties of carrot seed oil extracted by supercritical fluid CO2 compared with cold pressed flax, hemp and canola seed oils

by Feng Gao




Institution: University of Otago
Department:
Year: 0
Keywords: seedoils; carrot; flax; hemp; canola; oxidative stability; thermal decomposition; quality and compositional properties; positional distribution of fatty acids; TAG composition
Record ID: 1302508
Full text PDF: http://hdl.handle.net/10523/5599


Abstract

Seed oils have been used for centuries as a source of food, energy, medicine and for cosmetic applications. In recent years, demand for seed oils has greatly increased. Carrot, flax, hemp and canola seed oils are composed mainly of unsaturated fatty acids, which pose a positive effect on human health. Linoleic and linolenic acids found in flax, hemp and canola seed oils are essential nutrients that may provide favourable effects against cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and age-related functional decline. However, carrot, flax, hemp and canola seed oils may be susceptible to oxidation due to the high unsaturated fatty acids content. It is hence of importance to know their physicochemical characteristics. The major fatty acid C18:1 contributed to 81.45 ± 1.67% of total fatty acids, while polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) contributed to13.80 ± 0.23% and 4.75 ± 0.18% respectively in carrot seed oil which was high in yellow colour parameters. It was oxidatively stable and had good quality based on its moisture and volatile content, peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value (p-AnV), total oxidation value (TOTOX), free fatty acid (FFA), acid value (AV), conjugated diene and triene values, and polar compounds content. Four major triglyceride (TAG) peaks in carrot seed oil were collected via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified by electrospray ionization- mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS). The most abundant TAG was dioleoyl-linoleoyl-glycerol (38.24%), followed by trioleoyl-glycerol (23.98%). Carrot oil was found to contain a higher amount of trioleoyl-glycerol compared to flax, hemp and canola seed oils. The fatty acid composition analysis on TAG fractions confirmed the results from gas chromatography (GC). Positional distribution of fatty acids in carrot seed oil was determined via pancreatic lipase treatment. The SFA prefer sn-1,3 position (5.38 ± 0.92%) against sn-2 position (2.64 ± 0.34%) while PUFA were predominantly found at sn-2 position (22.02 ± 0.47%) against sn-1,3 position (9.82 ± 1.63%). C18:1 in carrot seed oil was found to be more dominant at sn-1,3 position (84.80 ± 1.89% compared to 75.34 ± 0.13% at sn-2 position), which may be influenced by the other two fatty acids in the same TAG molecule (Kallio et al., 2001). Positional distribution analyses in flax, hemp and canola seed oils were studied by using Novozym 435. SFA was exclusively incorporated into the sn-1,3 position and PUFA were higher at sn-2 position as expected. This treatment showed a similar effect as pancreatic lipase treatment except the two enzymes gave a different ratio. A method using HPLC would be an improvement over TLC for positional distribution analysis and is less time consuming. Melting and crystallization characteristation of carrot seed oil was carried out using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) from -60 °C to 40 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere. The melting and crystallization of carrot seed oil occurred over a temperature range of -42.70 °C to 21.31 °C and -18.27 to…