AbstractsComputer Science

To build knowledge-based systems / expert systems is an attempt to capture rare or important expertise and embody it in computer programs. It is done by talking to the people who have that expertise. In one sense building expert systems is a form of intellectual cloning. Expert system builders, the knowledge engineers, find out from experts what they know and how they use their knowledge to solve problems. Once this debriefing is done, the expert system builders incorporate the knowledge and expertise in computer programs, making the knowledge and expertise easily replicated, readily distributed, and essentially immortal. Knowledge-based system is a research sub-domain of Artificial Intelligence (AI). The knowledge-based systems have found their way into many application domains such as medicine, law, geographical mappings to name a few. The expert system was historically, the first term coined. The earliest AI systems were intended as general problem solvers. Later on the emphasis was shifted to research intended to mimic the performance of a human expert in a narrow, well defined domain. Thus successful outcome of the research were first expert systems, such as DENDRAL (an expert system for molecular chemistry) and MYCIN (an expert system for which diagnoses microbial infections and recommended appropriate medical treatment), ANAPRON, EMYCIN, HYPO, CABAERT and many others. The field of artificial intelligence and law is born as an application of the larger discipline of artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence, at its very beginning, has favoured the legal domain for its applications. The idea is that legal rules and reasoning are integrated in a system (Knowledge-based systems) which would help human beings make decisions. In the field of AI and law today some of applications which are being used in real time are ESM an expert system for Environmental Permit Law (in Dutch), e-Laws Advisors Online legal expert systems of the US Department of Labor, family law implementation in Australia.%%%Appendix p. 102-106, References p. 107-112, List of Publication p. 113-114