AbstractsBiology & Animal Science

Swimming through troubled waters : Eutrophication of the Baltic Sea and parasites of the threespine stickleback

by Alexandre Budria




Institution: University of Helsinki
Department: Department of Biosciences
Year: 2015
Keywords: environmental parasitology
Record ID: 1145904
Full text PDF: http://hdl.handle.net/10138/152906


Abstract

Recent research has strongly linked disease emergence and resurgence with human-induced environmental change. Habitat alteration, biodiversity loss, pollution, climate change and introduced species are nowadays considered potential threats to human and wildlife health. However, the impacts of these changes are not always so clear. Recent findings indicate that anthropogenic disturbances may favour the transmission of some parasites, but can also be disadvantageous to others. The aim of this thesis is to determine how human-induced environmental change affects host-parasite interactions by using anthropogenic eutrophication of the habitat of the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, and its macroparasites as a model system. The different parts of the thesis focus on the influence of anthropogenic disturbances on epidemics, and on the ecological mechanisms underlying the observed patterns. After reviewing current knowledge about the influence of human-induced environmental change on host-parasites interactions, I focus on epidemiological patterns in fish populations inhabiting eutrophied waters, which vary in the extent of eutrophication. By analysing the data in respect to the degree of environmental disturbance and the knowledge about the biology of the parasites and their hosts, I develop hypotheses regarding the different mechanisms explaining the observed patterns. To test these hypotheses, I perform statistical modelling and experimental work focusing on the two most prevalent endoparasites in the studied stickleback populations, i.e. the eye fluke Diplostomum spp. and the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus. The different approaches used in my thesis reflect the complexity of host-parasite systems and the need to mix theory, monitoring and experimental work to estimate the impact of human-induced environmental change on host-parasite interactions. Finally I point out areas that are in need of further investigation in order to elucidate the consequences of human activities for ecosystems and to build a predictive framework for how global change can affect parasitic diseases. Viimeaikainen tutkimus on osoittanut, että sairauksien ilmaantuminen ja elpyminen ovat vahvasti sidoksissa ihmisen aiheuttamiin ympäristön muutoksiin. Elinympäristöjen muutoksia, biologisen monimuotoisuuden vähenemistä, saasteita, ilmastonmuutosta ja istutettuja lajeja pidetään mahdollisia uhkina sekä ihmisten että villieläinten terveydelle. Näiden muutosten vaikutukset eivät kuitenkaan ole aina niin selviä. Viimeaikaiset havainnot osoittavat, että ihmisen toiminnasta aiheutuvat häiriöt saattavat suosia joidenkin loisten leviämistä, kun taas muille siitä voi olla haittaa. Tämän opinnäytetyön tavoitteena on selvittää miten ihmisen aiheuttama ympäristönmuutos vaikuttaa loisten ja isäntien vuorovaikutuksiin. Mallijärjestelmänä toimii ihmistoiminnasta johtuvan elinympäristön rehevöitymisestä kärsivä kolmipiikki, Gasterosteus aculeatus, ja sen makroloiset. Opinnäytetyön eri osat keskittyvät siihen miten ihmisen aiheuttamat…